Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (175 page)

Holy Cross 183, 268

Holy Lance 83, 268, 299

Holy Land 62, 97–8, 142, 146, 191, 326, 377, 620

holy war ideology 97, 144

Holzapfel
see
Melander, Peter

homage: ceremonies 285, 308, 330, 365, 430, 432, 478, 527; to dukes 348; to kings 305, 573; refused 573, 709; significance 307–8

Honorius II (d.1130), pope from 1124 62

honour: aristocratic 399, 549, 613; of the Empire 63, 360, 379–80, 611; and equality 549; kingly 308; princely 501

Hontheim, Nikolaus von (1701–90), 134

Hospitalers
see
St John, knights of

households: development 508–10; functions 509; ideal 246, 509–10, 538; political significance 502, 508–10, 522, 579, 584, 593

house construction 78, 509

Hrotsvith (d.927), abbess of Gandersheim from 919 86

Hýgel, Johann Alois baron (1754–1825) 647

Hugo of Arles (c.880–947), king of Italy from 926 48, 49, 505

Huguenots 112, 130, 168475

Humanism 46, 71, 104, 253, 258–9, 261–5, 280, 285, 290, 550, 579, 599, 608

Humbertine dynasty 194, 226–7, 253, 473, 666

Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767–1835) 668

Hundred Years War (1337–1453) 68, 71, 100, 200

Hungary: assembly 211, 380, 433, 595; Avar rule 704; economy 150, 221; and Empire 1, 146, 186, 205–7, 211–12, 220–21, 228, 349; governance 205, 211; Habsburg rule 113, 149–51, 212, 220–21, 259, 399, 401, 428–30, 433, 438, 451, 456, 458, 470, 597, 634, 708–9, 710, 712, 733, 734, 737; immigration 95, 169; imperial 149; international contacts 213; Luxembourg rule 147, 211–12, 220, 394, 396, 728, 730; monarchy 205, 257, 429, 733; Mongol invasion 211; nobles 208, 221–2, 264, 380, 433, 555, 733; origins 202; and Ottomans 71, 100, 143, 147–51, 166, 212, 221, 394, 443, 448, 450–51, 456, 470, 729, 731, 738; partition 149; patron saint 234; population 490; re-conquest (1683–99) 157, 221, 747; religion 83, 102, 140, 205–6; revolts 470, 634; royal title 149, 159, 205, 223; society 541; students 236; Teutonic Order in 98;
see also
Arpad dynasty, Magyars

Huns 20, 21, 700

hunting 242, 331, 338, 389, 615, 634

Hus, Jan (c.1369–1415) 99, 110

Hussites: and Bohemian identity 260; destruction 399; as heretics 400; measures against 71, 100, 404–5, 576, 731; political impact 99–100, 212, 218, 221, 273, 396, 552, 555; religious impact 99–100, 108, 118, 731

Hutten, Ulrich von (1488–1523) 263, 553, 558

iconoclasm 10, 139

identity: assimilation 94–6; corporate 12–13, 285, 499, 560–61, 578, 580, 595–6, 607; individual 239–40; local 504, 513, 522, 523, 548, 550; multilayered 7, 235, 254, 527, 668, 675; and place 239–40, 242–4, 247–54, 367, 551; regnal 234–5, 253, 256, 257; theories of 233–7; tribal 235–9;
see also
imperial patriotism; nationalism

Iglau
see
Jihlava

Illuminati 643

Imhoff family 167

Imperator
title 34, 154

Imperia, statue 679–80

imperial absolutism 501

imperial army (Reichsarmee): effectiveness 289, 455, 648, 747; funding 438, 445–54, 456, 560; interpretations 454–5; legal basis 172–3, 455–60; size 456, 458–62; structure 284, 459–61, 475, 747;
see also
Empire: defence structure

Imperial Aulic Council
see
Reichshofrat

imperial ban (
Reichsacht
) 110, 296, 393, 558, 560, 614, 625, 631–2, 737, 748

Imperial Book Commission 275

Imperial Cameral Court
see
Reichskammergericht

imperial chancellery: development 323–5, 391, 435–6, 471, 525; mistakes 318; personnel 284; vice chancellor 324–5, 435; written culture 14, 260, 269, 323, 479;
see also
archchancellor

imperial church (
Reichskirche
): criticism of 133–4; disputed property of 122–3, 125–6; dissolution 134–6; and emperor 56, 60, 85–94, 284, 305–7, 337, 341, 342, 344–5, 372, 389, 392, 463, 481–2, 505–6, 512–14, 516–17, 581, 610, 619, 642, 706–8, 711–12, 732, 742, 751; governance 133, 398, 517, 527–8, 545, 561, 641; military obligations 53, 87, 93, 201, 329–30, 358, 404; origins 47, 79–83; politics 56, 133–6; and papacy 51, 60, 72, 133–4, 136, 372, 398, 581, 732–3; and Reichstag 409–14; secularization 112–13, 134–6, 372, 412, 478, 642, 646, 649–51, 660, 733; size 122; structure 19–20, 44–5, 84–6, 116, 204–5, 208, 218, 335, 360, 505; social characteristics 122, 132–4, 230, 247, 344, 349, 425, 497, 545, 556; taxes 371, 404; territorialization 371–3; wealth 87, 93–4, 132, 372, 398, 545, 648; women in 80, 86–7, 94, 132

imperial circles
see
Kreise

imperial cities (
Reichsstädte
): annexed 523, 527, 646, 650, 651, 657
;
associations amongst 552; citizenship 105, 317, 518–19; defences 456; defined 517; economy 463–4; and emperor 285–6, 323, 333, 390, 392–4, 463, 521–2, 621, 642, 721, 728; and Empire 472; finances 544–5; influence 11, 217, 411, 522, 563, 567, 642; Jewish minorities 101–7, 285; origins 517; pawned 384, 390, 393–4, 532, 728; numbers 411, 414, 577, 578; population 523; religion 113, 114, 116, 120, 122, 130; and Reichstag 274, 411, 414, 416–17, 441, 517, 522, 576, 594, 638, 640, 651; social structure 224, 519–22; status 517, 571, 575, 576, 578; success 523; and Swiss 588–9, 593–4; taxation 385, 404, 408, 446–7; territory 414, 518; town halls 274, 286; unrest 130–31, 282, 577, 634; wealth 576

see also
towns

imperial counts (
Reichsgrafen
): associations amongst 556, 652, 663; elevations to princes 411–12, 477–8, 581, 651, 661; and emperor 392, 556; influence 306, 369, 558, 567, 642, 651; numbers 411, 413, 414; partitions 369; possessions 132–3, 369, 651; and Reichstag 411–12, 414, 562, 652; religion 120; titles 221; wealth 490

imperial court chancellery 324–5

imperial courts: access to 106, 437, 542, 593, 626–7, 632–6; case load 106, 281, 630–31; development 402, 625–7; effectiveness 287–8, 539, 577, 584, 642, 661; enforcement of verdicts 225, 403; finances 446; location 626–7; personnel 284, 403, 629; procedures 105–6, 287; reform of 480; religious cases 106, 113, 116, 123, 128; role 281, 287, 402–3

see also
Reichshofrat; Reichskammergericht

imperial currency regulation
see
currency

imperial deputation (
Reichsdeputation
) 416, 443; Final Decision (1803) 649–50, 658, 753

imperial diet
see
Reichstag

imperial enemies
see Reichsfeinde

imperial Estates: defined 407, 441; disputes between 281; ecclesiastical 131, 218; elevations to 132; exclusions from 408–9, 735; influence 406, 434–5, 440–41; mediatized 650; military authority 455, 458–60; numbers 122, 131, 410–14; origins 407; privileges 113, 116–17, 128, 296, 441–2, 445, 500, 732; and Reichstag 407–14, 425, 443–4, 735; responsibilities 110, 150, 172, 173–4, 438, 441, 446, 500; status 112, 123, 131, 216, 218, 412, 425, 447, 501, 575

imperial fiefs (
Reichslehen
): amalgamated 391; defined 360; development 44–5, 92–3, 213, 327–31, 334–7, 360–65; and foreign monarchs 218–20, 413, 431; in Italy 76, 193–4, 224–7, 318, 470; and Kreise 415; and monarchs 330–31, 360; numbers 224–5, 361–2; persistence 660, 676; and Reichstag 408–14; rights 218; sale 411; sequestrated 456, 458, 470, 557;
see also
feudalism

imperial immediacy (
Reichsunmittelbarkeit
): acquired 558, 587, 589; defined 10–11, 43–4, 360, 363, 626; denied 733, 735; and family dynamics 424–7; sought 284

imperial Italy (
Reichsitalien
): dissolution 227, 649, 666, 752; and Empire 225, 536, 736, 741; fiefs in 76, 224–7, 318, 470; and emperor 8, 119, 223, 711; population 496; and Spain 166, 225–6, 740;
see also
Italy; papacy

imperial knights (
Reichsritter
): associations amongst 553–62; cantons 554–5, 560–61; debts 545; demise 652; and emperor 284, 555, 558, 560–62, 647; influence 133, 134, 567, 642; and Jews 107; numbers 414, 561; possessions 132–3, 364, 559, 561; privileges 116; and Reichstag 414, 558–9, 561–2; status 530, 558–9, 738; taxation 446, 454, 477, 557–8, 560, 648, 738;
see also
Knights’ Revolt

imperial lands
see
crown lands

imperial law (
Reichsrecht
): breached 560; scope 173, 441, 467, 500, 539, 563, 635, 736; validity 221, 648, 665–6;
see also
Carolina law code

Imperial League (1548) 438, 740

Imperial Military Chest 438

imperial mission 6, 11, 19–20, 27, 32, 38–9, 46, 53, 143, 169, 258, 264, 268, 366, 397, 677, 715

Imperial Operations Fund 406, 452–4

imperial orb 268, 270, 311

imperial patriotism: defined 280; level 265, 280–88, 651, 663; and religion 263–4

‘imperial personnel’ 284, 629–30

imperial police ordinances 437, 464, 536, 608

imperial politics: compromise 402; consensus 10–11, 43, 295, 338–9, 342, 350, 352, 395, 416–21, 439, 443–4, 501, 512, 527, 529, 566, 603, 610–17, 631, 686, 709, 713; alleged dualism 3, 9, 12, 116, 278–80, 340, 365–6, 377, 419, 422–4, 637–8, 676–7; equilibrium 380, 471–2, 575; internationalization of 174–6, 444–5, 567, 570, 649–54, 717; legalism 649–52, 658; materialism 480–81; open-ended character 277, 417–18, 623–4; and print culture 274–80, 592; religion in 109–36, 263–4, 407, 418, 425, 430–31, 436, 438–9, 440–42, 475, 479, 552, 564–6, 576–8, 584, 592, 594, 597, 629, 633, 737–45, 748;
see also
culture

imperial postal service 105, 266, 277, 419, 653, 657–8

imperial prelates: associations amongst 556; and emperor 556, 610; influence 567; numbers 131–2 , 411, 414; and Reichstag 411, 417; territory 545; women amongst 80, 86–7, 132, 317, 417, 650;
see also
abbeys; monasteries

imperial princes
see
princes

imperial publicists 277–80, 638–40, 641–2, 644

imperial Recess: defined 416, 690; last 746

imperial receiver
see
Reichspfennigmeister

imperial reform: defined 396–7, 732; factors promoting 71, 100, 397–402, 571, 575, 729, 731, 734; fifteenth century 9, 11, 71, 100, 109, 112, 131, 147, 150, 172, 199, 217–18, 396–408, 446, 557, 642, 735–41; eighteenth century 15, 289, 638–43, 645–6, 648, 751; in 1801–6 649–54; end 272; impact 217–18, 422, 426, 455, 517, 526, 536, 558, 564, 577, 625–7; Ottonian 31, 34, 397; peak 431, 739

imperial register (
Reichsmatrikel
) 131, 228, 404–5, 408, 411, 419, 446–7, 455, 542, 564, 735; first 731; revisions to 226, 447, 459–60

imperial taxation: in Bohemia 221; in Burgundy 228–9, 436; collection 318, 403–4, 409, 533, 557; exemption 559; from imperial cities 385, 404, 408–9, 446–7; and Jews 103–4, 107, 404; mechanisms 404–5, 560, 576, 735; level 288, 385, 392–3, 395, 400, 404, 408, 445–54, 477, 648, 826; in Italy 226, 355, 392–3, 451, 516, 826; purpose 221, 404–5, 557; refusal to pay 557–8, 589, 591; remission from 447;
see also
Common Penny; feudal dues; imperial register; tribute

imperial translation (
translatio imperii
): criticized 45, 263; defined 27; ideal 38–40, 65, 152–3, 155–6, 258, 263, 298, 430, 671, 703, 717; last 76

imperial vicar: in Burgundy 197; in Germany 317–18, 394; in Italy 69, 190, 225–6, 318, 392, 727; and papacy 65, 69, 190; powers 65, 190, 317, 394, 689; symbols 270

imperial villages 390, 414, 591

imperial war (
Reichskrieg
) 173

imperialism 94–5, 163–9

India 42, 163, 167, 169;
see also
Mughal empire

individualism 239, 269, 285, 289, 502; and the state 502–3, 540

Indonesia 167

indulgencies 62, 66, 79, 97, 100

industrialization 13, 79, 522, 534, 654

Ingelheim 45, 332

inheritance: amongst clergy 89–90; disputes 331, 375, 428, 627, 631; dues 96; female 363, 376; partiable 40, 339; primogeniture 424–5, 559, 721; regulation 497, 535, 606;
see also
dynasticism; vassalage

Innocent III (1160–1216), pope from 1198 64–5, 69, 70, 102–3, 192, 298, 302, 716–17