Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (174 page)

Graz 123

Great Moravian Empire 140, 203–4

Great Northern War (1700–1721) 130, 154, 175, 748

Great Schism (1378–1417) 70–73, 143, 397, 724, 728, 730–31

Greece 671

Gregorian calendar 130–31

Gregorianism 55, 57, 88, 139–40, 504, 505, 512, 513

Gregory I ‘the Great’ (c.540–604), pope from 590 23, 701

Gregory V (d.1047), pope 1045–6 51, 52

Gregory VII (1020–85), pope from 1073; character 55–6; and crusades 97; and Empire 52–9, 77, 88, 207, 257, 282, 349, 350–51, 711

Gregory IX (1155–1241), pope from 1227 98

Gregory X (c.1210–76), pope from 1271 68

Gregory XI (1329–78), pope from 1370 70

Grehweiler, Karl Magnus count von (1718–93) 635

Griefswald University 116

Grisons
see
Rhetia

Grumbach, Wilhelm von (1503–67) 559–60, 632

Guelphs, party 57, 70, 282, 689;
see also
Welf dynasty

Guido of Spoleto (d.894), emperor from 891 48, 705; wife 313, 705

guilds: as associations 12, 548; exclusion from 260, 552; identity 251, 548, 550; origins 549–50; political role 519–20; regulation 550, 641; ‘of the rich’ 519

Guizot, François (1787–1874) 681

Guler family 590

Gundling, Jacob Paul von (1673–1731) 265

Gunhild (1019–38), queen 214

Günther, Wolfgang (1578–1628) 527

Günther von Schwarzenberg (1304–49), anti-king from 1349 389, 398, 726

Gurk, bishopric 112, 838

Gustavus Adolphus (1594–1632), king of Sweden from 1611 126, 431

Gutenberg, Johannes (1398–1468) 274

Guyana 168

Haas, Joseph (1771–1808) 636–7, 663

Habichtsburg castle 248

Habsburg, Otto von (1912–2011) 681

Habsburg dynasty, Austrian: Albertine branch 369, 428; dynasticism 144, 158, 165–6, 223, 271, 316–17, 387, 427–31, 509, 750; and German royal title 382; and imperial church 134, 181; imperial governance 72, 73, 75, 113, 121–7, 130, 135, 159, 173, 180, 217–18, 220–22, 225–30, 307, 324–5, 410, 411–12, 418, 425, 531–82, 529, 562–7, 576, 578, 581, 584, 642–3, 645–54, 656–7, 731–53; and imperial title 3, 8, 46, 158–63, 311, 317, 424, 665, 731–2; interpretations 3, 422–3; Laufenburg branch 427, 428; Leopoldine branch 369, 428; origins 248, 427–8, 430; pact with Luxembourgs 212, 389, 401, 428, 727, 731; and papacy 72–6, 109–11, 115, 264; partitions 117, 123, 225, 283, 375; piety 74, 75, 430; portraits 271; rivalry with Premyslids 208, 282, 385, 720–23; royal status 429;
see also
Habsburg monarchy

Habsburg dynasty, Spanish 117, 422, 438–9, 741; and Italy 224, 227, 283, 442, 740; succession crisis 442, 445, 470, 471

Habsburg monarchy: army 76, 244, 258, 399, 433, 455–62, 481, 562, 587; church 89, 117–18, 134; court 221, 267, 432–4, 450, 478–9; debts 448, 541, 55; economy 167–8, 529; education 253, 276; and Empire 11, 162–3, 403, 431–40, 447–8, 465, 471, 474, 478–9, 539, 637, 641; Estates 433, 440, 448, 450, 527, 528, 743; Finances 385, 434, 439, 447–54, 466, 476, 541, 543, 545; and France 73–4, 154, 157–63, 200, 399, 645, 647, 750–54; government 220–22, 223–4, 316, 434–9, 471, 478–9, 501, 527, 737–8; great power status 15, 151, 423, 471, 479, 660, 661, 664, 749; law 502, 609, 633; maps 253; as monarchy 159, 162, 430; nationalism 666–8, 671, 675; navy 168, 456; nobles 124, 440, 442, 529–30, 555; and Ottomans 147, 149–51, 202, 407, 439, 443, 450–62, 470, 481, 647, 738–9, 743, 746, 747–8, 749, 750; and papacy 72–3, 732–3; population 471; possessions 189, 217, 220–22, 231, 369, 385, 388, 390, 401, 413, 414, 423, 428–9, 436–7, 470, 476, 481, 556, 577, 586–8, 591, 650, 661, 721, 726, 727, 734, 749; and Reichstag 228, 413, 373, 642, 647; religion 107–8, 117–18, 123–4, 131, 272, 437, 448, 743; revolts 287, 386, 634; cooperation with Prussia 481, 642, 645–8, 751–2; rivalry with Prussia 130, 133, 134, 155, 160, 181, 279, 288–9, 422–4, 431, 433–4, 443, 467, 469, 472, 474–82, 567, 632, 642, 645–9, 750–1; size 470–71; and Spain 137–8, 148, 164–5, 225, 228, 422, 434, 436, 479, 578; symbols 137–8, 228, 268, 272–3;
see also
Habsburg dynasty, Austrian
and individual lands

Hadeln 583, 660

Hadomir (d.956), abbot of Fulda from 927 82

Hadrian II (792–872), pope from 867 140

Hadrian IV (c.1100–1159), pope from 1154 35, 322

Hadwig (c.910–59) 315

Hagenau, imperial city 355

Hainault 199, 200, 386, 725

Halberstadt, bishopric 85, 517

Hambach Festival (1832) 668

Hamburg, imperial city: autonomy 657, 662; bank 466; burned 92; Jews 660; and leagues 571, 577–8; opera 291; population 523; religion 50, 105

Hamburg-Bremen, archbishopric
see
Bremen, archbishopric

Hamilton, Alexander (1757–1804) 683

Hanau-Lichtenberg 644

Hanau-Münzenberg, Friedrich Casimir (1623–85), count from 1647 168

Hanover, electorate: annexed 649, 652; and Britain 169, 219–20, 222–3, 433, 471, 473, 600–601, 640, 650, 657, 661; electoral title 410, 445, 747; emergence 186; finances 473; governance 530, 648; and imperial title 431; influence 130, 175, 415, 459, 642; royal title 657; size 476, 583; symbols 679

Hanover, town 526

Hansard 275

Hanseatic League: development 214, 570–71; and Empire 270, 454, 577–8; interpretations 571, 672, 674–5; membership 571

Hantsch, Hugo (1895–1972) 675

Harald ‘Bluetooth’ (c.935–86), king of Denmark from 958 82, 212

Hardegg, county 838

Hardenberg, Carl August von (1750–1822) 646

Harzburg castle 333

Hattin, battle (1187) 64, 716

Hauenstein 287

Hauteville, Robert Guiscard d’ (1015–85), duke of Sicily from 1059 191;
see also
Constanza d’Hauteville

Havelberg, bishopric 83, 85

Havelians, tribe 202

Heer, Friedrich (1916–83) 675

Heerschildordnung
364

Hegau 593

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) 640, 656

hegemony 4, 7, 44, 162, 163–4, 171, 176, 683, 684

Heidelberg 374, 550

Heilbronn League (1633) 564–5

Heinrich (c.919–55), duke of Bavaria from 948 315

Heinrich (1726–1802), prince of Prussia 426

Heinrich ‘the Black’ (1075–1126), duke of Bavaria from 1120 352

Heinrich ‘the Proud’ (1108–39), duke of Bavaria 1126–38 and of Spoleto from 1137 357–8, 713

Heinrich ‘the Quarrelsome’ (951–95), duke of Bavaria 315–16,343, 344, 346, 349

Heinrich Raspe (c.1204–47), landgrave of Thuringia and anti-king from 1246 364, 374, 383, 720

Heinrich II (d.1063), bishop of Augsburg from 1047 92, 316

Heinsberg, Philipp von (1130–91), archbishop of Cologne from 1167 358

Heitersheim 135

Helvetic Republic 232, 589

Hemma
see
Emma

Hemmingstedt, battle (1500) 582

Henneberg, county 375

Henneberg, Berthold von (1441–1504), elector of Mainz from 1484 402

Hennegau
see
Hainault

Henry I (876–936), king from 919; accession 239, 297, 301, 342, 347, 706; defensive measures 202, 204, 212, 299, 706; influence 155; name 297; rejects coronation 309; symbols 268; wife 86, 314

Henry II (973–1024), emperor from 1014; accession 51, 301, 304, 346, 708; and Burgundy 196, 347; canonization 32, 257; death 46; governance 188, 315, 346; and imperial church 53, 85–6, 90–91, 305, 348, 708; and Jews 101; piety 31, 39; relations 343; wars 206; wife 32, 297, 301, 314, 315

Henry III (1017–56), emperor from 1046; accession 188, 348; and Burgundy 196; and Byzantium 141; death 618; education 300; governance 198, 323, 349, 606, 612, 619; and imperial church 56, 90–92; justice 349; and papacy 51, 58, 71, 207, 710; piety 30–31; relations 246; wars 207, 710; wives 197, 214

Henry IV (1050–1106), emperor from 1084; appearance 300; burial 286–7; at Canossa 31, 58, 189, 350, 618; castles 332–3; character 56, 59, 298–9, 351; daughter 246; excommunicated 57–8, 287, 711; governance 334, 343, 354, 362, 513–14, 552, 619–20, 710; and imperial church 348, 371, 512; and Jews 101–2; minority 55, 92, 315–16, 350, 710; and papacy 31, 55, 57–9, 63, 97–8, 257, 349, 350–51, 711–12; relations 297; and sons 59, 301, 305, 313; wives 59, 298

Henry V (1086–1125), emperor from 1111; governance 351–2, 362; and imperial church 514; and imperial insignia 273; and papacy 59–60, 62; property 327; successor 299, 305; wife 214

Henry VI (1165–97), emperor from 1191; accession 68, 307; coronation 68, 183; crown lands 355–6; death 69, 354, 355; imperial ideal 67, 303–4, 359, 716; and Italy 68–9, 156, 354, 618, 716; justice 618; wife 715

Henry VII (c.1274–1313), emperor from 1312; appearance 300; coronation 68, 183, 378, 723; death 69, 388, 723; election 68, 387–8, 722; governance 318, 386, 587, 723; imperial ideal 67, 388; and Italy 68–9, 156, 300, 392, 399; relations 387

Henry (VI) (1137–50), co-king from 1147 312

Henry (VII) (1211–42), co-king 1220–35 313, 317, 378, 586, 719; name 818–19

Henry I (1068–1135), king of England from 1100 214

Henry II (1133–89), king of England from 1154 214, 358

Henry III (1207–72), king of England from 1216 215, 378

Henry IV (1367–1413), king of England from 1399 395

Henry VIII (1491–1547), king of England from 1509 113, 216, 787

Henry ‘the Lion’ (1133–95), duke of Saxony and Bavaria 213, 215, 357–9, 374, 380, 713, 715

Henryk ‘the Bearded’ (d.1238), duke of Silesia from 1201 96

Hercules, pillars of 137–8

heraldry
see
coats of arms

Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803) 276, 291

heresy 39, 62, 66, 71, 99–100, 152, 400

Hermann of Salm (1035–88), anti-king from 1081 297–8, 711

Hermann II (d.1003), duke of Swabia from 997 301

Hermann ‘the Lame’ (1013–54) 80, 252

Herodotus (c.485–c.425
BC
) 235

Herren- und Mannfall
330, 385

Herrenberg 523

Herrenhausen 274

Hersfeld, abbey 57, 374

Herwart family 167

Hessen, landgraviate: emergence 185, 374–5; emigration from 95; and Germany 672; governance 367; influence 114, 564; landgravial title 373, 374; nobles 554, 561; population 507; and Reichstag 413; Reformation in 13, 132; revolts 634; rulers 374–5; symbols 271; territory 373

Hessen-Darmstadt: and emperor 418; and Empire 264; law 666; origins 375; possessions 555, 649–50, 659; and Russia 155, 649

Hessen-Homburg 523

Hessen-Kassel: army 452, 455; Calvinism 122; electoral title 410, 655; governance 527; influence 544–5, 642, 654, 661; origins 375; possessions 650, 657, 658; size 561

hides 488–9, 509

Hildesheim, bishopric 130

Hildesheim, town 105, 646

Himmler, Heinrich (1900–1945) 677

Hinkmar (807–82), archbishop of Reims from 845 338

Hintersichbringen
417

Hippolithus a Lapide
see
Chemnitz, Bogislav Philipp von

Hirsau, abbey 52

Hispanus, Vincentius (d.1248) 164

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) 676–8, 679

Hitler Youth 676

Hoffmann, Melchior (c.1495–1544) 110

Hohenheim, Franziska Theresia countess (1748–1811) 427

Hohenlinden, battle (1800) 649

Hohenstaufen castle 248, 676

Hohenzollern dynasty: dynasticism 425–6, 474, 475; emergence 99, 210–11, 384, 390, 413, 472; identity 253, 288; influence 471, 661, 665; Franconian branch 120; interpretations 3, 227, 288–9, 422–3; partitions 375; possessions 472; relations 229; symbols 673;
see also
Brandenburg, electorate; Prussia

Hohenzollern-Hechingen, principality 634–5

Holland, duchy: emigration from 95; and Germany 185, 186; rulers 200, 386, 582, 725

Holocaust 3

Holstein, duchy 120, 213, 218, 219–20497, 657, 661, 666, 712

Holstein, Adolf II von (1128–64), count from 1130 98

Holstein-Gottorp, duchy 132, 167, 219–20, 581–2

Holstein-Gottorp, Friedrich III (1579–1659), duke from 1616 167

Holstein-Gottorp, Karl Peter Ulrich
see
Peter III